All men Should read this
HEPATITIS: What You Need To Know
The term Hepatitis refers to the inflammation of the Liver. Substances like excessive alcohol, drugs and toxic chemicals can be responsible for this, but the major cause is the Hepatitis Viruses. There are five types of hepatitis viruses, which are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D and Hepatitis E. All of them are RNA viruses except the Hepatitis B Virus, which is a DNA virus.
Hepatitis A mainly causes an acute infection. It is transmitted through the faeco-oral route, meaning that a healthy person can get infected on consumption of food or water that has been contaminated by the faeces of an infected person. Treatment for Hepatitis A only requires managing the symptoms, as well as eating enough nutrients and proper bed rest. The illness usually resolves on its own.
Hepatitis B causes both acute and chronic infection, meaning that it first starts out as an acute infection…
View original post 532 more words
Art in Africa
African art describes the modern and historical paintings, sculptures, installations, and other visual culture from native or indigenous Africans and the African continent.
Masquerade, metalwork, sculpture, architecture, fiber art, and dance are important art forms across Africa and may be included in the study of African art. The term “African art” does not usually include the art of the North African areas along the Mediterranean coast, as such areas had long been part of different traditions. For more than a millennium, the art of such areas had formed part of Berber or Islamic art, although with many particular local characteristics. The art of Ethiopia, with a long Christian tradition, is also different from that of most of Africa, where traditional African religion (with Islam in the north) was dominant until relatively recently.
African art includes ancient art, Islamic art of West Africa, the Christian art of East Africa, and the ritualistic art of these and other regions. Most African sculpture was historically in wood and other natural materials that have not survived from earlier than, at most, a few centuries ago; older pottery figures can be found from a number of areas
African art has had an important influence on European Modernist art,which was inspired by their lack of concern for naturalistic depiction. It was this appreciation of African sculpture that has been attributed to the very concept of “African art”, as seen by European and American artists and art historians.
The origins of African art lie long before recorded history. African rock art in the Sahara in Niger preserves 6000-year-old carvings. Along with sub-Saharan Africa, the western cultural arts, ancient Egyptian paintings and artifacts, and indigenous southern crafts also contributed greatly to African art.
See https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_art for more on Africa art.
About Author
Apalara Samuel
Samuel a chief editor at 1Confluence. He writes about Arts, Culture, Photography and Creativity in his spare time. Gmail | Facebook
A Little Exposure
Africa perhaps is the most divided continent politically, economically, and socially. Owing mostly to the imperialists interests on the wealth of largely amassed by the location and nature of the continent. Africa can subtly be said to be divided into two, namely; North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. This division is one of many on the Continent. The reason for this particular division (North and Sub Saharan Africa) could be said to be because of the distinction between Races on Earth.
North Africa is home to the western most Arabs, the traditional Amazighs, Berbers/Tuaregs and other races that could little be distinguished from The Aryan race and other races that has been mixed with thousands of years of inter mixing. Meanwhile, the Sub-Saharan Africa is home to thousands of ethnicity that find themselves from as within and south of the Sahara desert and as far south to the southern most part of the Continent. The Sub Saharan Africa is the traditional home of most known black people on Earth.
Furthermore, Africa is divided into countries which took place by the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, and solemnly carried out by the leading European powers of the time. Therefore subjecting Africa to a clime determined only by the external forces. The leading European powers that divide Africa into their “sphere of influence” included the Brits, French, Belgians, Germans (later relinquished it’s colonies after WW1), Portuguese, and Italians. These European powers pretty much decided what and how each countries on the continent would be like to this day leaving behind the African people out of any type of decisions for their future. To this day, the mind of most Africans is still shaped to accrue to the whims of the colonial mentality and therefore creating another rave of European dominance which could also be said to open doors for neo-colonialism. As a start, we will brief into a comparison between DR Congo and Nigeria, their economy, politics, history and culture. The reason for bringing the two for comparison is because they have a thing in common, they both gained independence the same year (1960).
As we began this essay, we could say the most notable use of word is the word “division”, which is true because even within these compared countries we would notice once more stories of divisions amidst it’s citizens. These two countries, if originally were considered during the carving of countries by the Europeans, perhaps there would be somewhat 6 countries from both. Let’s now talk about Dr Congo. DR Congo as its known today was a Belgian colony from 1903 till 1960. Although, prior to being a Belgium colony, it was directly under the Crown of Leopold of Belgium who in guise ruled it through the Congo free State which was a capitalist company which had a quite intriguing story of cruelty, hate and discrimination against the Original owners of the Congo from 1885 till 1903. Congo is a very large country on the African continent and is 11 times the size of Belgium and has a population of 85 million people within. The country is also home to abundant mineral riches that are so important to this modern age. Also, the forest resource of the country is so abundant and important making the country literally one of the richest countries on Earth in terms of resources at reach there. Due to the intertwined nature of the political and economic interests of the colonising powers of the country, the Congo plunged into crisis immediately it gained independence and till this day there is still amassed crisis in the country and which is far from over. To be cont’d.
About Author
Ayodeji Ridwan
Ayodeji a chief editor at 1Confluence. He writes about Government, History and Politics in his spare time. Gmail | Facebook
The African Rare Bird specie
How about the bird that can not be found anywhere but only in Africa. The Ibadan Malimbe known to be found in southwestern Nigeria. The 20 cm Large, black-and-red weaver can be identified by their scarlet head, neck, throat and breast. Black mask extends to behind eye and onto throat. The red colour on breast extends onto belly. Remainder of plumage black these features can be found in the adult male. The adult female has red confined to crown and nape with thin, red breast band.
It inhabits forest patches, forest edge, secondary woodland, and possibly even highly degraded farmland and gardens. The species’s abundance in forest patches decreases with increasing isolation, although it seems to be unaffected by the area of forest fragments and can persist in patches as small as 0.2km2 . The forest reserve at IITA is 30 year old regrowth forest in various stages of maturity. Moniya, where the species was recorded during recent surveys, is a disused cocoa farm with some regrowth, subjectively similar to secondary forest. All sightings of the species in Ifon Forest Reserve in December 2006 were at the edge of secondary forest along logging tracks. Habitat type or degradation does not appear to explain in any way the distribution of this species. Birds have usually been observed 5-15 m up in trees, especially oil-palms. It appears to have an extended breeding season, with nesting recorded in February, May, June, July, September, October and December. Notably the species is normally seen in association with several other malimbe and weaver species. In 2015 a nest was recorded during quarterly IBA monitoring in a Daniellia ogea tree. There was evidence of young in the nest, but subsequently the nest was apparently abandoned.
Data from transect surveys in most forest patches within the majority of the species’s known range were used to estimate the population at 2,469 individuals (with a 95% confidence interval of 1,401-4,365), which can be considered a maximum estimate of the world population. The confidence intervals for this estimate are taken for the species’s population range. roughly equating to 930-2,900 mature individuals.
The population of the species is ill suspected to be declining, due to reduction in its ranges from 1970 cause buy him amout of deforestation by humans, though the likely rate of population decline has not been estimated. This qualifies the species as Endangered because it probably has a very small population which is suspected to be declining.
A few conversation actions have be taken for example the 200 ha of regrowth forest habitat is protected at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, near Ibadan. However its habitat requirements are either poorly understood or of little relevance to this species’s conservation. Most of the forest patches within the species’s current range are community-owned forests and their preservation is dependent upon local communities.
Some other proposed conversation actions involves Conducting further population surveys to monitor trends throughout the species’s known range. Monitoring the clearance and degradation of forest within the species’s range. Identify habitat requirements for feeding and breeding. Assess the determinants of breeding success, particularly the possible competition with other weaver species. Conduct taxonomic studies into the relationship of the species within the Black-throated Malimbe M. cassinicomplex. Protect all existing forest patches within and close to its known range. Increase the number and extent of forest patches within and around the species’s range. Conduct surveys for the species in additional forest blocks in western Nigeria such as Omo Forest (2,328 km2), most of which remains unsurveyed.
About Author
Busari Muhammed
Busari a chief editor at 1Confluence. He writes about Nature, Environment, People and Living in his spare time. Gmail | Facebook
RAPE?
For the people of Africa, any discussion of rape must acknowledge that RAPE started right from the day our freedom was taken from us “colonialism”
Once sold into slavery rape of African people became invisible. Africans who complained about being raped by whites was subjected to punishment, brutal whippings or death. Not only African women were but both the children, boy and men were raped by their slave masters. Apart from being raped by the white slave masters, the slave masters wives or daughters also forced or rape African men when caught in the act they cried rape. So therefore, they have been injustice in African rape cases as far back as the days of slavery. This has been a bedrock why most of the victims of rape can’t speak out for themselves.In today’s modern Africa I still think that what are the causes of RAPE in African society? regardless of the level of education that have been attained in Africa now. I would like to proceed with this write up with some questions. Is dressing part of the causes of rape in Africa??
From my personal point of view, I think dressing does not aid rape in Africa society. But the perpetrator of rape is to be blamed to be a rapist regardless of what leads him to rape a woman without her consent.
in Africa due research shows that 65% of rape victims are being raped by the person they trust most(father, brother or uncles). Still most of the victim of rape according to the proper statistics are of the age (8-19) in which most of the victims can’t speak and stand for justice for themselves.
Victims of rape in Africa have been ripped off their pride because most of the the rapist threaten the victims that if they speak out or tell anybody about the incident they would kill them, this words keeps the victims from speaking out for themselves and this leads to depression and later it leads to suicide.
In Africa today lot of rape cases that have been reported have been swept under the carpet. Out of 100% of Rape case reported in Africa 48% have gotten proper verdict. While most of the cases have been dismissed.
Rape it’s self brings about different stigma that lives with the victim for life.
Part of the stigma are HIV/AIDS, UNWANTED PREGNANCY, OVARIAN CANCER AND MENTAL ILLNESS. All of this can disorganise a victim life in which it would be an injury she would carry for life.Now to conclude this work what are the measure to be taken against rapist in Africa?
In some Africa countries the punishment for Rape is LIFE IMPRISONMENT.
While in some countries it’s DEATH BY HANGING.
Now I think NGOs and some governmental bodies that are responsible for rape cases in Africa should sensitise African men across the continent about rape. they should let most of them know that apart from the punishments behind it they are depriving African girls of their liberty to be a good ambassadors of their societies and not their societies alone but the continent and world at large.
I want everyone to know that regardless of the situation do not take advantage of African women/girls cause victims of rape are not at fault the rapist IS…….
SAY NO TO RAPE.
About Author
Olusegun Femi
Femi a chief editor at 1Confluence. He writes about Social Service, Exposure, Peer Education, Humanity in his spare time. Gmail | Facebook
Africa and Electric Cars
Africa is the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent. With 1.3 billion people as of 2018, The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere.
Africa, the second largest continent (after Asia), covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth. The continent is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the north by the Mediterranean Sea, on the east by the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, and on the south by the mingling waters of the Atlantic and Indian oceans.
Sciences in Africa is rich and diverse in other parts of Africa, in the various city states, kingdoms, and empires that dominated the political landscape, science and technology also developed in various ways. The applied sciences of agronomy, metallurgy, engineering and textile production, as well as medicine, dominated the field of activity across Africa In other parts of Africa, in the various city states, kingdoms, and empires that dominated the political landscape, science and technology also developed in various ways.
The first electric vehicle that was built in Africa was in South Africa by Elon Reeve Musk FRS born June 28, 1971 is an engineer and technology entrepreneur.He holds South African, Canadian, and U.S. citizenship and is the founder, CEO, and chief engineer/designer of SpaceX CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc.
The Kiira EV, Africa’s first electric vehicle, was completed by the team and launched by H.E Yoweri Museveni, the President of the Republic of Uganda, on 24 November 2011.
The forecast anticipates that electric vehicles overtake conventional cars for the first time with a market share of about 30 percent in 2028. In North America, the outlook predicts an even stronger market polarization.
it is doubtful that the price is low enough to guarantee mass suitability.
Besides the ongoing Tesla hype, the general question arises: Will electric vehicles gain predomination over the automobile market in the future? If so, when will they dominate the picture of our streets? According to PwC Autofacts, in 2030 almost one in three European new vehicles will be electric. Here the electric vehicle share is supposed to increase to more than 35 percent by the end of 2030. Currently, around 97 percent of new vehicles in the EU have a combustion engine. This share will, according to the forecast, decrease to 90 percent in 2020, and to 50 in 2025. By 2030, the market share will be only around 15 percent.
Electric cars will benefit the developing countries but at the same time cause harms than good.
Currently, only three fully electric vehicles are available for sale in South Africa: the Nissan Leaf, the BMW i3, and the Jaguar I-PACE. Although the Leaf has been available in SA since 2013, that model is no longer on sale except in the used car segment.
Is Africa ready for an electric car?
While electric cars seem to provide a host of environmental benefits, the reality is that their use in Africa could actually increase greenhouse gas emissions.
As Tesla gets set to roll out the remarkably affordable Model 3 for the global market, and self-driving cars have come closer and closer to becoming a reality, the paradigm shift towards electric cars is becoming a global phenomenon. Long-standing automakers, such as Volvo, are beginning to wean their product lines off of fossil fuels in favour of electricity. The environmental benefits of emissions-free electric vehicles have made this transition inevitable. But are they universal?
The answer is No
Some countries in Africa can’t make use of electric cars when their economy is bad.
We need to actually work on our economy first before some benefiting technologies can actually be introduced.
Let us look at the price of Tesla new model 3 sedan which is $35,000 (#12,600,000).
Most African country would rather use this amount of money to focus on the development of their country,rather than get an electric car that very few people would be able to afford.
South Africa should prepare for the advent of electric cars, noting the possible effects they are likely to have on the industry and consumers.
While the full impact of the electric-car is still some way off, driving an electronic car or hybrid is becoming an increasingly attractive option in South Africa as a means to negate the volatile fuel price and as the motor industry becomes increasingly environmentally conscious.
The increase in electric-only models such as the Nissan Leaf may just be the tipping point as the vehicles become more affordable, while petrol prices increase.
BusinessTech looks at the cost factors associated with buying and owning an electric or hybrid car in South Africa.
The factors include percentage of renewable energies in electricity generation, number of charging stations, education level, population density, gasoline price, GDP per capita and urbanization.
Electric vehicle demands have increased rapidly since 2010, and depend on renewables and socioeconomic factors. Using panel data from fourteen countries between 2010 and 2015, we study impacts of seven factors in a multiple linear regression model. The factors include percentage of renewable energies in electricity generation, number of charging stations, education level, population density, gasoline price, GDP per capita and urbanization. The first four factors have apparent and positive impacts on the demands, and the last two factors don’t. The gasoline price affects the demands for BEVs (battery electric vehicles) more than that for PHEVs (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles). One percent increase in renewables would lead to approximately 2–6% increase in EV demands. Based on the results, policy implications are discussed.
See https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-10-28-how-geared-up-is-south-africa-for-electric-vehicles/amp/ for more on Africa and Electric Cars.
About Author
Aishat Abdulfatai
Aishat a chief editor at 1Confluence. She writes about Scientific Innovation, Technological Advancement and AI in her spare time. Gmail | Facebook
Home | Confluence 